Refugees and Social Integration in Winnipeg

Displaced people and Social Integration in Winnipeg This paper will analyze exiles and social mix in Winnipeg and endeavor to respond to the inquiries presented in the schedule. The status of displaced people is noteworthy in Winnipeg as the territory of Manitoba concedes in excess of 1000 exiles for each year[1], most of who settle in Winnipeg. Evacuees show up in Winnipeg frequently with next to no and are edgy to have the option to coordinate effectively, anyway this can be hard to accomplish. These fresh introductions sway the city in that they are reliant on social administrations which thusly cost the administration cash. Likewise because of absence of accessible assets upon appearance outcasts frequently need to live in high destitution areas[2], focused on the midtown which prompts social issues that can be hard for evacuees to live with. In these conditions causing significant social associations with can be hard, regularly social contrasts make it trying for fresh introductions to make associations with the network, or neighbors. Destitution rates stay high for outcasts living in Winnipeg and after some time this has a hindering impact not just on the lives of the displaced people themselves yet of the network everywhere as high neediness zones become a weight on the social administrations and regularly have high paces of crime[3]. The quantity of outcasts looking for section to Canada has been consistent expanding since 2000, this evidently in accordance with developing clashes across Africa and the Middle East. Around these districts the idea of contentions has been changing from countries battling each other to common clashes inside a country, which will in general continue for any longer than convention clashes. In nations, for example, Syria, Iraq and Somalia progressing common war and psychological oppressor rebellion has devastatingly affected the regular citizen populaces. Individuals are regularly focused for seen loyalties aside or the other and are abused for it, the degree of demolition encompassing non military personnel populaces is high and therefore numerous individuals become dislodged, individuals who thusly become displaced people looking for refuge abroad. These individuals regularly need to leave their homes rapidly and with almost no as far as money related an incentive inspired by a paran oid fear of their lives. Naturally these individuals search abroad for help where they may be liberated from the dread and abuse that they would endure on the off chance that they came back to their nations of origin. As the contentions in these districts proceed with an ever increasing number of individuals will look for a superior chance to live abroad, and Canada is an ideal goal. With the expansion in shelter searchers more individuals are looking for passage to Canada under outcast status, this effects Winnipeg as increasingly fresh debuts will be evacuees and not at all like landed settlers these individuals regularly will require critical help with social reconciliation [4]among different things. The city of Winnipeg and what number of outcasts we concede every year directly affects the individuals living in dejected conditions, be it in stuffed lodging on UN tent camps. Their way of life increments significantly having the option to live here, and in spite of starting diffic ulties in getting arranged the opportunity to live here is something looked for after by numerous individuals around the globe. The status of displaced people in Winnipeg in fact influences me practically nothing. Actually I can't state that I know any individual who is an exile or even any companions that know one. Anyway in spite of not specifically being affected by outcasts I can consider the to be of the city in general. While thoughtful towards the troubles these individuals have confronted I am likewise mindful of the weight that is put on social administrations and private people and establishments to help outcasts, bolster which customary workers would under most conditions not need. It is likewise acceptable to remember that Canada is running a shortfall and any expansion in social spending never really help with that. Individuals I know have additionally been affected as displaced people overwhelmingly work in the administration and work parts and hold moderately high work around 80%[5], this could be a factor into why individuals around my age experience issues discovering work at generally passag e level employments, for example, retail, food industry and so forth. With respect to how I sway the social combination of displaced people in the city I would need to state not in any manner, as I don’t know any exiles and I am in no situation to affect their lives. Individual inclination aside to the extent a basic evaluation goes, I would start with saying that displaced people face mind blowing difficulties both in leaving their nations of origin and building up themselves in Canada. Outcasts showing up in Winnipeg frequently have almost no cash, and low possibilities of a decent paying activity and face trouble in managing the injury that they may have encountered because of war or mistreatment or the like in their nation of origin[6]. Because of how displaced people are scattered across Canada fresh debuts regularly wind up detached and without anybody of their own social foundation to connect with, I can envision how troublesome this may be, for example if there were to speculatively be a common war break out in Canada and myself and family had to migrate to some place like Nairobi or Istanbul I could perceive how troublesome it is fit into society. The equivalent can be said about exiles from Africa and the Mid-East a considerable lot of whom don’t even communicate in English which is basic to living in Canada. Too once a displaced person shows up things regularly aren’t as incredible as they had been persuaded, on account of Winnipeg most exiles as of late are from obvious minorities and frequently need to live in neediness stricken neighborhoods around the midtown center area[7]. I have discovered that once a displaced person has been effectively settled in Winnipeg most of help they had gotten leaves and considers the activity done. While I can perceive how it is expensive to keep up direct help for the entirety of the displaced person families let it out is certain that many battle with various issues after social administrations proceed onward to the following family. The hypothetical focal point which I have seen this in is the Liberal methodology, which likewise is by all accounts the technique by which the West methodologies displaced people all in all. The most significant point being that there is an ethical basic to help these individuals the most ideal way we can with the rich assets available to us. This additionally plays into universal equity and how to Liberal west can help those that are mistreated by individuals who hold restricting perspectives. Taking a gander at the status of exiles in Winnipeg obviously Liberal disapproving of organizations have helped a huge number of individuals, discover homes as well as business. While I can surely value the great done for the benefit of establishments in Winnipeg plainly more must be finished. A significant number of the qualities which we hold here are not promptly obvious to evacuees who are thinking that its hard to oversee here and discover them falling into neediness. This is by all acco unts a repetitive issue inside the evacuee populace in the city and it is alarming that in spite of the quantities of those stuck in neediness they appear to have been to a great extent surrendered by the administration which keeps on getting more outcasts without improving the states of those as of now here[8]. It follows to me at any rate that if those evacuees here in Winnipeg can get to better instruction and occupations that they would have the option to contribute unmistakably more to our general public that they are at the present. With higher wages they would have the option to manage the cost of their own homes, as opposed to be misused via landowners that appreciate incredible situations over exiles in their circumstances. With access to occupations all the more befitting of their capabilities they would have the option to manage the cost of instruction for any youngsters they may have carried with them which thus prompts a superior network all in all since their kids woul d be far more averse to get into wrongdoing or be enlisted into road posses, a main problem among youthful African male exiles who consider it to be the main chance to better their position. Certain strategies I would likewise see as flawed, for example the practical move to have reasonable lodging situated in the most exceedingly awful pieces of the city. While this might be to a lesser extent a weight of the social administrations it does little to help the city of Winnipeg in the long haul. As these exiles are compelled to live in hazardous neighborhoods where kids are routinely abused, this never really breathe out the worth were place on Liberty in the West. These families are compelled to live in confined, filthy condos where social connections with the network will in general be negligible because of wrongdoing inside those zones. From my own encounters in managing individuals downtown I can envision a portion of the troubles an ongoing Syrian or African foreigner may confron t in the event that they need to work late night as past a specific time most of individuals leave the midtown region and it can get perilous to need to go by walking late into the night. This returns to the issue of good business, working late night move work with the opportunity of being badgering or hailed after work doesn’t sound speaking to me. The absence of proceeded with help once a displaced person has gotten a new line of work is a disappointment, and help offices like Winnipeg collect among others are regularly stressed to help or are obscure to exile families. Presently that isn’t to state that I accept we are committed to support displaced people, notwithstanding on the off chance that Canada is to maintain the Liberal qualities which it announces, at that point we should deal with outcasts appropriately and with sufficient encouraging groups of people set up. From the articles and new reports I have explored for this paper unmistakably while evacuees are surely thankful to everything Canada has given them, it basically isn't sufficient once they are settled and families fall into destitution and all related issues. I can think about a few things that could help the circumstance of outcasts in the city, obviously making the best decision tends never to be time/financially savvy. Acknowledgment of evacuees instruction is a

An Analytical look into Coca

Presentation Marketing is the procedure by which gatherings and people make and trade merchandise and ventures with a point of accomplishing what they need with a trying to discover fulfillment. Purchaser needs and needs are the principle explanation for why organizations configuration, fabricate and circulate items into the market.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on An Analytical investigate Coca-Cola explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More On one hand buyers interest for fulfillment and organizations accordingly offer to make a benefit and meet their different targets, for example, development, and endurance. Item and administrations made by organizations, for example, Coca-Cola are considered of significant worth and along these lines make fulfillment when trade happens (Kotler 2003). Along these lines the creation worth and fulfillment which purchasers request wind up pushing organizations make systems that oversee their showcasing blend and go above and beyond to make in general corporate procedures that will administer their entire business procedures to guarantee accomplishment in today’s unstable business condition (Lancaster Withey 2006). The Coca-Cola Company is one organization that has had the option to make an ideal plan of action that has promoted its items, for example, Coca-Cola over the world with much effectiveness. History of organization and item Coca-cola is a carbonated soda pop that is sold in eateries, stores, candy machines in around more than 195 countries. It is a result of the coca-cola organization which is situated in Atlanta Georgia USA. The coca-cola organization is an organization with numerous product offerings which incorporate carbonated sodas, water, and squeezes. Coca-cola was initially imagined by Doctor John Permberton by a medication organization in Georgia and was sold as medication since individuals in those days accepted carbonated water had restorative qualities being thought to b e a cerebral pain cure, energizer and stomach throb cure. Coca-cola as it is known was a recommendation that was advanced by Frank Robinson, who was a clerk. At first Coca-Cola was sold in drug stores by John Permberton. By the 1950’s the beverage had a tremendous purchaser showcase U.S.A. Packaged soft drink was sold first by coca-cola in 1894 and jars of coca-cola showed up first in quite a while in 1955.Later in 1985 when coca-cola attempted to change its recipe planning to catch up with tastes yet an open objection followed compelling the organization to return to great Coca-Cola. The presentation of diet coke in 1982 was a gigantic accomplishment back in the in the 1980’s. It is somewhere in the range of 1923 and 1991 during Woodruff’s residency as C.E.O that Coca-Cola developed from a national organization to a worldwide organization with a touchy development of the carbonated packaged delicate drinks.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial mat ters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Today Coca-cola is the world’s number one soda organization with top five soda pop brands (Coca-Cola, Fanta, Diet Coke, and Sprite).Other brands incorporates Minutemaid, Powerade, Dasani water and Schweppes which create a salary of over $3 billion every year. Item Strategy The Coca-Cola Company has various product offerings in its item blend these are carbonated soda pops, caffeinated beverages, squeezes, and water. In every product offering there is a specific item profundity (Bell 2004). The coca-cola organization carbonated soda pop product offering has an item profundity comprising of Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite and Krest. Inside the product offering of Coca-Cola itself there consists’ a further item wide range of sorts of Coke that are sold in different topographical areas of the world. Obviously The Coca-Cola Company has put a ton during the time spent research and structu re of its items, there is a significant level of separation upon its Coca-Cola item profundity. Coca-Cola’s bundling methodology includes the utilization of delightfully planned jars, limp skirt bottles which go from 300ml-2000ml, and dispensable plastic cups. The Coca-Cola Company has gone ahead to patent the different components of its popular Hobble skirt bottle implying that no other soda pop maker can utilize a similar kind of jug. The exemplary Coca-Cola image is composed and encircled by the shading red creation it an exceptional brand that is effectively recognizable and essential to the shoppers. At present Coca-Cola has a high rand worth and value and orders a ton of devotion among shoppers, its name, mindfulness, saw quality, and solid relationship with greatness add incredible bit of leeway to its item blend this fills in as ground-breaking advantages for the item itself. An unmistakable and one of a kind item configuration is fundamental for the accomplishment of an item (Kotler 1999). Coca-Cola has guaranteed that its item is exceptional as far its qualities, and marking are concerned. The mystery Coca-Cola equation is all around covered up in a volt in a bank found Georgia with not many individuals whom have who approach and thusly is a prized formula. Valuing procedure According to doormen nonexclusive serious systems an organization can either decide to serve a wide market or a thin objective market. On the off chance that an organization picks it is possible that it must, at that point decide to either follow an ease system that is useful for a more extensive market because of the presence of economies of scale and efficiencies or either decide to separate its items so as to charge a top notch (Porter 1990).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on An Analytical investigate Coca-Cola explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coca-Cola is a benefit concealing organization that expects to stay as the market chief an d meet investor targets. Estimating can be dictated by numerous things this incorporate objective benefit, rivalry, costs related with creation, quality, request and friends targets (Kotler 2003). Coca-Cola’s fundamental target is to catch a bigger piece of the pie by selling an enormous volume of soda pops at a reasonable cost with a point of amplifying benefits. It in this manner focuses on the mass market and sells its items at very manage the cost of costs and yet for its profoundly separated items, for example, diet coke an a lot more significant expense is set. Along these lines coca-cola rehearses value separation among different areas of the world. The cost of a Coca-Cola in Kenya, India, and New - York are not the equivalent. This is on the grounds that each purchaser in these nations has diverse buying power (per capita pay) and this is calculated in the last evaluating. The utilization of infiltration evaluating which is low and mass market situated is profitable i n increasing a huge piece of the pie for Coca-Cola and that is the reason Coca-Cola assessed to sell over a large portion of a million jugs of carbonated soda pops in a single day. Coca-Cola likewise gives motivating forces, for example, exchange impetuses to its agents and biggest merchants for the volume of concentrates they request and sell. (Charles et al, 2009) Distribution/Place system Coca-Cola itself doesn't produce and sell previously fabricated carbonated soda pops. They chiefly do their circulation by utilizing free co claimed distributers/establishments which have exceptionally prepared individuals. It is these individuals who are viewed as financial specialists who approach Coca-Cola for business bargains and are given preparing on the different creation strategies. In the wake of setting up this establishments and setting up organizations that The Coca-Cola Company proceeds to dispatch transfers of concentrates and syrup that will be utilized to make the last consumabl e Coca-Cola to its dispersion accomplices who thus weaken and carbon dioxide to the item, After which nearby channels, for example, terminals proceed to sell Coca-Cola to inns, general stores and retailers in their general vicinity of tasks. This model of activity lessens measure of hazard and vulnerability that the Coca-Cola Company would have confronted if it somehow managed to fabricate and disperse its own item Coca-Cola it likewise decreases the time utilized diminish the lead time that Coca-cola would have in any case needed to look in the event that it utilized other conveyance models( Lancaster Withey 2006 ). The Coca-Cola thusly helps in its free dissemination accomplices amass of industrial facilities, sorts out staff preparing, and supplies bundling materials and systems of operations.Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Advancement system Promotion is the way toward picking a market and concocting a complete arrangement of how to go across messages that are identified with the item to this objective market. Accordingly an advancement blend is an aggregate of all strategies that are utilized to pass message about an item to a given objective market with a point of illuminating, reminding, instructing and convincing (Campbell et al, 2002). Coca-Cola limited time exercises rotate around getting enough hold spaces in departmental stores to show their items, they likewise direct deal advancements for both end purchasers retailers and merchants, aside from the above regular UTC crusades ( for example under the crown plots) that include giving out blessings that can be won under the container highest points of their carbonated beverages, for example, Coca-Cola , publicizing in TV plug, bulletins, and print media, Coca-Cola additionally use retail location materials, for example, banners and stickers Coca-C ola likewise use sports fields and groups extending from soccer, cricket and b-ball to advance their item. The Coca-Cola Company gathers a publicizing charge from franchisers/accomplices/distributers and afterward proceeds to define a general limited time blend that every one of its distributers will use to advance Coca-Cola in every single nation in which Coca-Cola is sold. (Kourdi, 2009) The Environment The condition that Coca-Cola exists in hasn’t been that smooth hardened rivalry from PepsiCo has prompted an enormous fight for piece of the overall industry in different pieces of the world, the presence of different substitut

June 17 Recruiting Reception in D.C. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

June 17 Recruiting Reception in D.C. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog On Thursday, June 17th in Washington, D.C. SIPA will join four other policy schools for an evening reception for prospective applicants featuring admissions representatives, alumni, and current students enrolled in our programs.   The event will be held at the Johns Hopkins Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. The other schools attending are: • Georgetown University â€" Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service • Johns Hopkins University â€" Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies • Princeton University â€" Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs • Tufts University â€" Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy The doors will open at 6:00 P.M. and the main event will take place from 6:30 P.M. to 7:30 P.M.   There will be some brief presentations, followed by mingling with drinks and light hors d’oeuvres and the event should conclude around 8:00 P.M. The address of the event is: Johns Hopkins University Paul H. Nitze Building, Kenney Auditorium 1740 Massachussetts Avenue Washington, D.C. 20036 There is no charge to attend the event, but you must register to attend. You can register for the event by clicking here.

The Role of Mama in A Raisin in the Sun Essay - 1008 Words

In the 1950’s through the 1960’s women were not respected in there everyday lives, in the job field or in general. They did not have the rights they deserved, so during this time the â€Å"women’s movement† began. Women fought for their rights and fought for the self-respect that they thought they deserved. In the play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, the character Mama, expresses her feelings of pushing or extracting a new side for a woman. Her role explains that woman can be independent and can live for themselves. Through her behavior in this play she demonstrates that women can support and guide a family. Mama is in charge of the family, which is unusual, since men are traditionally the â€Å"head of a family†. Through Mama’s wisdom†¦show more content†¦She is an important character that is viewed as a significant figure. Mama’s behavior through the plays shows that women could play the role of being a man. She conducts the house to her satisfaction. When Beneatha says, â€Å"There simply is no blasted God—there is only man and it is he who makes miracles!† (51). Mama reacts by slapping her across the face to show her that this is her house and that she is in control. Not only did Mama control her family’s actions in her house, but she also controlled any guests’ actions in her household. Mama was the controller of the house and the whole neighborhood knew about it. Mrs. Johnson even reminded herself of Mama’s control by saying to Mama, â€Å"Oh I always forgets you don’t know ‘low that word in your house† (101). Mama illuminates her status of being woman with not only her control but also her attitude and her dreams. As a woman, Mama’s aspirations to get a house was uncommon in those days, but Mama always dreamed of moving out of there small apartment and into a nice house in a safer neighborhood with a small garden.(92). She describes her dream house like it is the most spectacular thing in the world. She is extremely happy for herself, but happier for her family. However, Mama’s goals are more complicated then just wanting a house. With this house she feels that the family now has hope and can accomplish their dreams. On the other hand, without this house Mama predicts that the family will continue withShow MoreRelated A Role of the Women Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of a Woman In a Raisin in the Sun is a play about a family that lives on the South side of Chicago, a section of the city Hansberry once described as â€Å" a place apart†, where â€Å" each piece of our living is a protest â€Å". After the death of Walter Young (Big Walter), his wife, Lena (Mama), is the beneficiary of a $10,000 insurance policy. The money will be used to provide for the family’s future. Race, race relation and big Walter’s insurance money supply the thematic context for Hansberry’sRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun And The Help Analysis999 Words   |  4 Pagesin the books A Raisin in the Sun and The Help. The Help takes place in the 1960s. Skeeter Phelan is a recent graduate from college with a degree in writing. Elaine Stein is a publisher in New York who Skeeter tries to launch her book idea to. Skeeter Phelan interviews the maids in Jackson, Mississippi to show the discrimination shown towards them by the families that hire them. Both the charact ers in The Help and A Raisin in the Sun have similar experiences in housing and gender roles due to the erasRead MoreGender Roles And How They Were Portrayed By Lorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1194 Words   |  5 Pagesdrama written by Lorraine Hansberry A Raisin In the Sun because throughout the entire movie there was many things said and some actions that showed gender defined who they were. The topic being discussed is gender roles and how they were portrayed in the movie. There will be a formalistic summary and the topic that will be discussed is gender roles through out the drama A Raisin In the Sun and how each character portrayed it. The setting of A Raisin In the Sun is the Chicago slums in the 1950’s.Read MoreEssay on Who Am I?: Racial Identity in A Raisin in the Sun1596 Words   |  7 Pagesrationale for justifying segregation (Pilgrim â€Å"Mammy†; â€Å"Tom†). So when Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun (1959), confronted the issue of segregation through the lens of an African American family living in Chicago’s Southside, Caucasian audiences’ widespread acceptance of the Youngers, a family who was â€Å"just like any other,† appears ironic (Nemiroff 9). Contrary to public perception, Raisin sought to convey â€Å"the essence of black people’s striving and the will to defeat segregation, discriminationRead More Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun - Dignity and the American Dream1248 Words   |  5 PagesDignity and the American Dream in A Raisin in the Sun   Ã‚  Ã‚   The American Dream, although different for each of us, is what we all aspire to achieve. In Lorraine Hansberrys, play, A Raisin in the Sun, each member of the Younger family desperately hopes for their own opportunity to achieve the American Dream. The American Dream to the Younger family is to own a home, but beyond that, to Walter Younger, it is to be accepted by white society.    In the book entitled Advertising the AmericanRead More Comparing Women in Raisin In the Sun, House On Mango Street, and Yellow Raft1510 Words   |  7 PagesRoles of Women in A Raisin In the Sun, The House On Mango Street, and A Yellow Raft In Blue Water      Ã‚  Ã‚   A Raisin In the Sun, The House On Mango Street, and A Yellow Raft In Blue Water all contain strong, defined images of women. These women control and are controlled. They are oppressed and liberated. Standing tall, they are confident and independent. Hunched low, they are vulnerable and insecure. They are grandmothers, aunts, mothers, wives, lovers, friends, sisters and children. AlthoughRead MoreA Raisin Of The Sun By Lorraine Hansberry894 Words   |  4 PagesA Raisin in the sun by Lorraine Hansberry there are three major female characters represent three different spectrums of their lives. A Raisin in the Sun a number of social issues are both explicitly and subtly exemplified through out the characters experiences and relationships. First, Hansberry introduce Beneatha who is twenty year old college student with dreams of becoming a doctor in her life. Second, the author mention Ruth as a soft character in the story that wants to become wealthy andRead MoreGender Seg regation And Gender Roles1170 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as Lorraine Hansberry, for writing about both racial segregation and the changing role of women in society. This is evident in A Raisin in the Sun. In her A Raisin in the Sun, Hansberry makes use of gender roles as part of characterization and the plot; she does this by switching the roles of genders, showing the different views on gender roles, and the battle between the different opinions of gender roles. At the beginning of the play, the audience is told that a family of five lives in theRead MoreExamples Of Matriarchy In A Raisin In The Sun991 Words   |  4 PagesMatriarchy in A Raisin in the Sun A Raisin in the Sun is a play about many things including Racism, segregation, prejudice and the American dream but it is actually also about a matriarchy. Mama is pretty much the leader of this matriarch and Ruth is struggling with this role. The purpose of this essay is to explain how the Younger family household is actually a representation of a matriarchy. Lena (Mama) is the higher matriarch of the household pretty much deciding everything for most of herRead MoreA Raisin Of The Sun1319 Words   |  6 PagesEssay 3: Suggested Topics A Raisin in the Sun was a play written in the late 1950’s analyzing the cruel effects of racism amongst the Younger family. The younger family suffers from racial discrimination within their living space, place of employment, and the housing industry. Racism has been going on for a very long time in the United States and will always continue to exist. Racism has not only led to political but also social issues. A Raisin in the Sun confronted Whites for an acknowledgement

How to Conjugate Agir (to Act) in French

As you continue to learn French, you may want to use the verb  agir, which means to act. Conjugating this French verb to match the subject and tense of a subject is actually quite easy because it is a regular verb. This quick French lesson will show you exactly how to do that. Conjugating the French Verb  Agir It is necessary to conjugate French verbs so they make sense in the context we wish to use them. We cannot simply use  agir  anytime we wish to say something or someone is acting or has acted. Instead, we need to change the ending of the verb and this is called conjugation. The good news is that  agir  is an easy one to conjugate. It follows the typical pattern of  regular  -ir verbs  to tell us which ending to use. This makes learning the conjugations for similar verbs rather easy. In the case of  agir, you can use the chart to discover the proper form to use based on the subject pronoun -- the I, he, we, etc. which are j, il, nous in French -- and the tense required. For instance, to say I act, you would say jagis in French. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' agis agirai agissais tu agis agiras agissais il agit agira agissait nous agissons agirons agissions vous agissez agirez agissiez ils agissent agiront agissaient Agirs Present Participle The  present participle  of  agir  is  agissant. Its a very useful conjugation as it can act as a verb, meaning acting, or you can utilize it as an adjective, gerund, or noun. Another  Past Tense of  Agir Its likely that you will use the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  for the past tense rather than the imperfect in many instances. Its even easier with a verb like  agir  because theres no need to worry about the subject as all instances use the same form of  agir. In order to use the  passà © composà ©, you must first conjugate the auxiliary verb  to match the subject. For this verb, we use  avoir.  You will also need the past participle, which is agi. To put these pieces together, if we want to say I acted, it would be jai agi in French. Likewise, we acted is quite simply nous avons agi. You will note that ai and avons are the conjugates of our auxiliary (or helping) verb  avoir. More Conjugations of  Agir Among those conjugations above, you should be familiar with the present, future, and  passà © composà ©. The other forms, as well as those below, will be used on occasion. While its not necessary to memorize them, you should be aware of them. The subjunctive is a verb mood that is used when the action is undecided. Likewise, the conditional verb mood is used when the action is dependent on conditions -- it may or may not happen. The last two columns contain the  passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive of the verb  agir. These forms are used in formal writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' agisse agirais agis agisse tu agisses agirais agis agisses il agisse agirait agit agà ®t nous agissions agirions agà ®mes agissions vous agissiez agiriez agà ®tes agissiez ils agissent agiraient agirent agissent The final conjugation of  agir  that you need to be concerned with is the imperative. This is another mood verb form that is used on occasion. The catch here is that you do not need to use the subject pronoun. Instead, it is implied in the imperative verb.   For instance, instead of tu agis you can simply use the verb  agis. Imperative (tu) agis (nous) agissons (vous) agissez Expand Your Understanding of  Agir Not only is  agir  a regular verb, it is also an impersonal verb. This means that it can be used in the impersonal form of  sagir de  which means to be a question of or to have to do with. Also, when you want to say to act like you will need to use the proper preposition. For  agir, that would be  agir en.

Apollo 13 Communication Plan Free Essays

A Self Reflection: While working on the communication project, we were fortunate to have had Ron Howard’s â€Å"Apollo 13† movie for reference to comprehend the complexity the team faced upon the incident that befell the mission. Both Gene Kranz (Lead Flight Director and Project Manager) and Jim Lovell (Apollo’s commander) maintained absolute control of a chaotic situation. While the team was becoming intractable, Kranz reigned in by channeling the ideas with â€Å"one at a time people† and asking his engineers to â€Å"quiet down, Let’s stay cool, let’s work the problem† successfully taming an already chaotic situation through effective communications. We will write a custom essay sample on Apollo 13 Communication Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this dire situation, the only possible way to get the astronauts home was through extraordinary teamwork and ingenuity, led by Kranz, who was adamant that â€Å"Failure is not an option. † It was an unprecedented display of resolve, inventiveness and above all an exhibition of the utmost emotional intelligence there is. Awed by the interpersonal skills and assertiveness of Gene Kranz, I reflected back on my own life experiences where I could have been on more solid footings had I been able to control my emotions and use them wisely for a better outcome. This assignment really served as a virtual lab where I repeatedly found myself asking what if it were me in their stead? What would I do? How would I behave? What would I say? And above all would I have what it takes to bring the astronauts back home? This exercise asserted that the need to clearly define roles, responsibilities and objectives, and to communicate them to the stakeholders is paramount. We are, each of us, part of the system. We all serve an equally important role, and objectives cannot be achieved without the contribution of all. Aucoin states in chapter nine â€Å"the projects are all â€Å"right-brain† projects†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One can appreciate the value of this sentence after working the communication exercise, as the inspiration it conveyed was truly boundless. Indeed I will put forward and utilize the right-brain capabilities in my own projects moving forward. Applying those right-brain concepts to the information technology sphere of work would definitely put a positive spin on projects as we often manipulate ideas, concepts, and models before committing to the implementation. We frequently fail because we focus on technology ignoring the communication and collaboration piece and rarely utilize the right-brain concepts that can help us align our technology with the common goal. How to cite Apollo 13 Communication Plan, Papers

Intercontinental Group of Hotels Case Study-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Intercontinental Group of Hotels Case Study. Answer: Identification of important facts: Growth in the Chinese hotel industry: The hotel industry in China experienced phenomenal growth in the recent years and has emerged one of the fastest growing hotel industries in the world. The value of the hotel industry in China is estimated to more than $ 71 billion. China has emerged as one of the most sought after tourist destinations in the world and this has attracted the international hotel chains to the country(O'Hare, 2017). The Intercontinental Hotel Group is a British multinational hotel group which has very strong presence in China. The country is experiencing increase in the emerging of hotel groups in its domestic chains of hotels as well(Our global presence, 2017). Drivers of the Hotel industries: There are a number of factors which have led to this development of a strong and dynamic hotel industry in China. The first factor is the influx of foreign tourists as China is among the most visited countries in the world. The increase in the income of the Chinese people have also promoted to the growth of the industries because this allows them to spend money on vacations and hotels. The growing investment of international hotel chains have also led to the growth of hotel industries(Leung et al., 2014). Thus the Chinese hotel industry have emerged to be very competitive and profitable owing to strong presence of both Chinese and international hotels. Chinese pattern of running hotels: The Chinese as opposed to the Americans and the Europe hotel chains do not emphasis on franchisee models of running hotels. They stress on direct management which necessitate the international hotel chains to run their Chinese branches following the directly managed format(Altinay et al., 2014) Oversupply of rooms and its impact on the industry: The Chinese hotel industry is characterised by supply of excess rooms in the accommodations. This oversupply of rooms in the hotels causes the hotel owners to reduce the rates of rooms due to excess of supply. Clear identifications of the key issues: A study of the case study reveals the following key issues: Lack of flexibility in the hotel management patterns: The hotel industry in China is characterised by limitations in hotel management formats. Global trends in the hotel industries show that the dominant feature of international hotel management pattern is franchisee model. The dominant management pattern of hotels in China is direct management. An analysis of the discussion shows that franchisee model is preferred by the international hotel chains and is the most common business format followed internationally. However, direct management is the most established format in China which requires heavy initial investments from the international hotel chains in fixed assets acquisitions (land, building), human resource acquisition and supply chain establishment. This is one of the main issues which the international hotel chains face while entering and operating the Chinese hotel industry(Yang, Luo Law, 2014). Oversupply of accommodation: The next issue in the Chinese hotel industry is oversupply of rooms in the hotels and accommodations. This availability of rooms increases the bargaining power of the customers because of the multiple numbers of rooms available to them. The availability of excess number of rooms intensified the competition among hotels which forced the leading market players to lower rates of their rooms. The discussion clearly points out that the fall in the rates of rooms reduced the revenue the international hotel chains like Intercontinental Group of Hotels earned on offering of rooms to their guests. The expenses of maintaining properties direct management system prevailing in China further increased the cost of operations(Dzhandzhugazova et al., 2015). Outlining of alternative courses of actions: The above discussion outlines two issues namely, oversupply of rooms which reduced revenue earned per rooms and prevalence of direct management of hotel properties. The alternative courses of actions those can be outlined as follows: Strengthening of franchisee model: An analysis of the prevailing business models in the Chinese hotel industry shows that the direct management model is the most prevailing model. The application of franchisee model in the Chinese hotel industry is very limited which increases the operational costs of the international hotel chains. It can be outlined the franchisee model should be accepted more strongly as an alternative model in the Chinese hotel industry which will make it more profitable(Santos, Pache Birkholz, 2015). Acquisitions of more properties and reducing the number of rooms in the accommodations: It can be outlined that the alternative course of action to large numbers of low rate rooms would less rooms and more properties in multinational locations. The international hotel chains like the InterContinental Groups of Hotels should reduce the numbers of rooms available pre property which will allow them to charge more and increase the revenue per room. They should expand their hotel chain into new locations to increase their market penetration and revenue generation(Calderon-Monge, Pastor-Sanz Huerta-Zavala, 2017). Acquire Chinese hotels: It can be outlined that the InterContinental Hotels Group should acquire Chinese hotels to strengthen its position in the Chinese markets. The Chinese market is composed of Chinese hotels and government owned hotels which compete with the international hotel chains like InterContinental Hotel Group PLC (ICG). Thus acquiring Chinese hotels would strengthen the position of ICG and allow it to acquire control over the domestic hotel business in China to certain extent(Brand, Croonen Leenders, 2017). Courses of action are logically evaluated: Strengthening of franchisee model: The dominant business model used internationally in the hotel industry is franchisee but the preferred model used in the Chinese market is direct management. An evaluation of the international hotel market shows that the franchisee model is dominantly preferred in the developed western markets because it leads to mutual benefit for both the franchisor and the franchisee. As far as the franchisor international hotel chains are concerned, franchisee model helps them to enter new markets and find established franchisees which use their brand names to conduct hotel business. The franchisors can easily expand their business in the new market taking advantage of the knowledge of the franchisees about the local market conditions(Bharadwaj, Varadarajan Fahy, 2015). The franchising international hotel chain does not have to invest in acquiring and developing properties to make hotels, they can allow franchisees use their brand names to conduct business which saves their costs. The franchisee on the other hand advantages from the franchisee model established strongly in the international hotel industry. The franchisee can exploit the brand equity of the international franchisor hotel chains like Intercontinental Group of Hotels to conduct business and earn huge profits. The second advantage is that the franchisees can use the brand power of the franchisor to attract high profile customers and earn huge revenue. The franchisor provides training to the staff of the franchisee after their own international standards which make them efficient. This ensures that the hotel staff serves the customers most professionally and ensures customer loyalty. An evaluation of the direct management shows that it requires the international hotel chains to invest huge amount of money in acquisition of property, human resources and supply chain. This comparison clearly points out that compared to direct management franchisee would be a profitable model of business for the Chinese hotel indu stry. Thus, strengthening of franchisee model will make the Chinese hotel industry more profitable(Gaul, 2015). Acquisitions of more properties and reducing the number of rooms in the accommodations: An evaluation of the practice of maintaining large number of rooms in the hotels in China show that large numbers of rooms lead to reduction in the rates of the rooms. This reduces the price per rooms and the resultant revenue earned by offering them to the customers. An evaluation of the accommodation style followed in the western markets show that hotels have less number of rooms. This gives an opportunities to the hotel chains in the west charge high prices for offering the rooms which consequently increases the profit margin per room. Thus, the hotels in China should also follow the system of reducing the available number of rooms to earn more profit per room(Golubov, Petmezas Travlos, 2015). Acquire Chinese hotels: An evaluation of the Chinese hotel industry shows that it is expanding owing to the presence of international foreign hotel chains, domestic hotel chains and the state owned hotel chains. The domestic hotel chains and the state owned hotel chains compete with the international hotel chains like ICG. Thus, acquiring Chinese hotels would allow the international hotels to control Chinas domestic hotel market as well which would increase their competitive advantage in the hotel market of China(Lougui Brostrm, 2016). Recommended course of action: The following recommendations can be made based on the above discussion: Adoption of franchisee model in managing hotels: It is recommended that the Chinese hotel industry should adopt the franchisee business model which would allow it to operate more profitably. Adoption of the franchise model would allow the Chinese domestic hotel owners run their business using the brand power of the international hotel chains. It would allow them to get easy market penetration and earn huge profits. Strengthen marketing and promotion: It is recommended that the Chinese hotel industry should strengthen its promotion and marketing activities. The hotels must enter into partnership with international chains to promote their business. This will make the hotel industry more competitive and profitable References: Altinay, L., Brookes, M., Yeung, R., Aktas, G. (2014). Franchisees perceptions of relationship development in franchise partnerships.Journal of Services Marketing,28(6), 509-519. Bharadwaj, S. G., Varadarajan, P. R., Fahy, J. (2015). Sustainable competitive advantage in service industries: a conceptual model and research propositions. InProceedings of the 1992 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) annual conference, Springer International Publishing(pp. 441-443). Brand, M. J., Croonen, E. P., Leenders, R. T. (2017). Entrepreneurial networking: a blessing or a curse? Differential effects for low, medium and high performing franchisees.Small Business Economics, 1-23. Calderon-Monge, E., Pastor-Sanz, I., Huerta-Zavala, P. (2017). Economic Sustainability in Franchising: A Model to Predict Franchisor Success or Failure.Sustainability,9(8), 1419. Dzhandzhugazova, E. A., Zaitseva, N. A., Larionova, A. A., Pervunin, S. N. (2015). The Russian hotel market: Condition and development under the crisis.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(3 S5), 289. Gaul, C. (2015). What Makes a Franchisee Successful: Attitudes and Pre-requisites of Profitable Franchise Partners.The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online),14(2), 387. Golubov, A., Petmezas, D., Travlos, N. G. (2015). Do stock-financed acquisitions destroy value? New methods and evidence.Review of Finance,20(1), 161-200. Leung, D., Li, G., Fong, L. H. N., Law, R., Lo, A. (2014). Current state of China tourism research.Current Issues in Tourism,17(8), 679-704. Lougui, M., Brostrm, A. (2016).New firm formation in the wake of mergers and acquisitions: Are employees pushed or pulled into entrepreneurship?(No. 427). Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS-Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies. O'Hare, M. (2017). CNN Travel. Retrieved 23 August 2017, from https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/most-visited-cities-euromonitor-2017/index.html Our global presence. (2017). InterContinental Hotels Group PLC. Retrieved 23 August 2017, from https://www.ihgplc.com/en/about-us/our-global-presence?region=china Santos, F., Pache, A. C., Birkholz, C. (2015). Making hybrids work: Aligning business models and organizational design for social enterprises (Paper IV).Christoph Birkholz,153. Yang, Y., Luo, H., Law, R. (2014). Theoretical, empirical, and operational models in hotel location research.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, 209-220.

Rainer Maria Rilke. Selected Poems Review Essay Example

Rainer Maria Rilke. Selected Poems Review Paper Essay on Rainer Maria Rilke. Selected Poems About collections of poetry writing difficult. Especially about the poets, of whom read a lot, I thought, but actually get acquainted with the works of scared (do not be disappointed). About Rilke knew from the letters to him Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, and translations of Pasternak. A poznkomilas with him through the film by Wim Wenders Wings of Desire, the protagonist of which the angels of the Duino Elegies recycled Peter Handke. The film is so impressed that just went out of the theater for a small volume of this strange poet. He was writing in different languages, it transferred hundreds of interpreters. Few managed to become a true co-author of Rilke. Even when the poet is trying to translate a poem from engo is an infinite number of options, whose meaning is different, intersecting at a single point, as the tracks in the park: Who can tell me where the limit is We will write a custom essay sample on Rainer Maria Rilke. Selected Poems Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rainer Maria Rilke. Selected Poems Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rainer Maria Rilke. Selected Poems Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer in my life put me Is not I and turbulent wave, and a quiet pond lurking at the bottom or thawing in the spring like a birch, white and brittle (The first version of the translation) *** At any depth, who will tell me , -? I have my life encroach Do not I have a storm in captivity, and pond have hides like a wave, I doomed constant prices on a white background birch zyabnuschaya in the spring? (second translation) *** Who can tell me to what depths I prostrate earthly life? Is not I the swelling waves, in the wind trying to become the silence, and this birch early spring, white, fragile all I alone (third translation) amazes pantheism Rilke?. The natural world is deified, spiritualised. Tolko people excluded from the world harmony. Just remember the thinking reed Pascal and Tiutchev. Stunning Duino Elegies. Angels they are not good messengers of heaven. They just look down from the heights to the horror of life on earth, but people do not rush. Only tears of rain top-down happiness. Angels are harsh, theyre watching us. Oh, who the mystery understand Time zeal! We are completing the flight without a touchdown. Id like to say more about the translator Vyacheslav Kupriyanov, which many call the heir Lozinski.

The Fed and Interest Rates Essays - Monetary Policy, Free Essays

The Fed and Interest Rates Essays - Monetary Policy, Free Essays The Fed and Interest Rates Dave Pettit of The Wall Street Journal writes a daily column that appears inside the first page of the journal's Money & Investment section. If the headlines of Mr. Pettit's daily column are any accurate record of economic concerns and current issues in the business world, the late weeks of March and the early weeks of April in 1994 were intensely concerned with interest rates. To quote, "Industrials Edge Up 4.32 Points Amid Caution on Interest Rates," and "Industrials Track On 13.53 Points Despite Interest-Rate Concerns." Why such a concern with interest rates? A week before, in the last week of March, the Fed had pushed up the short-term rates. This being the first increase in almost five years, it caused quite a stir. When the Fed decides the economy is growing at too quick a pace, or inflation is getting out of hand, it can take actions to slow spending and decrease the money supply. This corresponding with the money equation MV = PY, by lowering both M and V, P and Y can stabilize if they are increasing too rapidly. The Fed does this by selling securities on the open market. This, in turn, reduces bank's reserves and forces the interest rate to rise so the banks can afford to make loans. People seeing these rises in rates will tend to sell their low interest assets, in order to acquire additional money, they tend move toward higher yielding accounts, also further increasing the rate. Soon this small change by the Fed affects all aspects of business, from the price level to interest rates on credit cards. Rises and falls in the interest rate can reflect many changes in an economy. When the economy is in a recession and needs a type of stimulus package, the Fed may attempt to decrease the interest rates to encourage growth and spending in the markets. This was the case from 1989 until last month, during which the nation's economy was generally considered to be in a slight to moderate recession. During this period the Fed tried to keep interest rates low to facilitate growth and spending in hard times. However, when inflation is increasing too quickly and the economy is gaining strength, the Fed will attempt to raise rates, as it did late last March. This can be considered a sign that we are pulling out of the recession, or atleast it seems the Fed feels the recession of the early nineties is ending. Directly after the Fed's actions, the stock market was a mess. The Dow took huge dips, falling as much as 50 points a day. Although no one knows exactly what influences the market, the increase in interest rates played a major role in this craziness. Mr. Pettit's column on March 25th highlights, "Industrials Slide 48.37," Mr. Pettit attributes a large portion of the market's "tailspin" at this time to, "Rising interest rates at home." It is certainly no coincidence that these two events happened at the same time. Alan Greenspan, the current chairman of the Fed comes under great attack and praise with every move the Fed makes. He is, in a sense, the embodiment of the Fed. He has been in charge of the Fed since 1987. Some economists blame him for the recession of the early nineties. His influence on the interest rates as chairman of the Fed is monumental. It is his combined job as the Fed to steer the economy in a balanced manner that does not yield too much to inflation and to keep growth steady. Predictably, most economists are back seat drivers when it comes to watching the actions of Allen Greenspan, and they tend to feel they could much more successfully manage the economy than he. Many also agree with his tactics, so it is a two way street on which the chairman is forced to drive. It seems that not only the analysts are in disagreement of how the fed should operate, but interestingly enough, the internal policy makers seem to also disagree on what stance the Fed should take. Some of the internal policy makers are interested in making a more substantial increase now, while others opt for a more conservative approach, where the market can be tested for both good and bad influences from the rate increases. Allen Greenspan is one of this more conservative group, and it is he is critisized by some for the irradic behavior in the stock market as of late. The equilibrium that the Fed

Assess the Value of Formal Investment Appraisal Techniques Essay

Assess the Value of Formal Investment Appraisal Techniques - Essay Example The central themes of all three writers under review have therefore been to look into how best practices in formal investment start up have been adhered to; particularly with the cases of acquisition of venture capital. Below, there is a detailed discussion of the three themes of the essay as presented from the perspectives of the three writers. Formal Investment Appraisal as Part of a Businesss Plan (Ashmalla et al.) Ashamalla, Orife and Abel (2008) who pointed to venture capital as a formal investment type in today’s contemporary world, they point to the designing of business plans as the most viable formal investment appraisal to use to secure venture capital and also assess the progress of the ventures that come out of the venture capital investment. Ashamalla, Orife and Abel (2008 p. 385) take the meaning of formal investment from the perspective of venture capital. The writers therefore undertake exclusive research on how business owners perceive venture capital and how they go about the subject. The writers explain that venture capital is an aspect of formal investment whereby business owners and investors seek for source of funding to start up their businesses and ventures. This is has indeed been an ongoing phenomenon in contemporary business setting for a very long time. Primarily, investors and entrepreneurs seek for capital to start up their businesses because of the belief they have always had in their abilities to make revenues, amass profits and pay off the sources of their capital. Because the search for capital to start up any venture results in an eventual amassment of wealth, Ashamalla, Orife and Abel (2008, p. 386) regard the practice as an important investment pattern in contemporary business scenarios. Generally, investments are undertaken to make profits. To this extent, the writer agrees with Ashamalla, Orife and Abel (2008) on this point that venture capital is now regarded as an important source of formal investment for business owners and investors. The writer however criticizes the situation whereby investors have to look for other form of funds to pay off their debts. This is because it is not always certain that the ventures they start will be profitable. The writers therefore collected data on how different respondents who were all business oriented personnel viewed and envisioned the use of business plan as an appraisal technique. In the larger sense, there were several respondents who agreed to the importance of business plans in helping investors secure venture capital. The reason given by such respondents has to do with the fact that business plans helps the creditors in assessing the real strategies and visions of the capital seekers. In this way, the capital seekers are put in a better position to convince creditors that they have put enough plans in place to pay off the debts should it be granted. There were respondents who also held the view that business plans are only cosmetic and that they do not actually raise the chances of capital seekers of securing capital. From the estimation of the writer, an investor who has not started a venture yet could have nothing more tangible in proofing his lot than a business plan. Business plans are there very important appraisal techniqu

Writing the History of the Australian Frontier Essay

Writing the History of the Australian Frontier - Essay Example However, Reynolds denied the claim by Windschuttle and stood by his original estimate. Thus, there started a conflict between the two distinguished figures over the number of Aboriginals killed in the frontier. "This skirmish was the first in what has since become known as the Aboriginal history wars. Windschuttle fired more shots in articles in the last four issues of Quadrant in 2000. Reynolds returned fire in a major article in the March 2001 issue of The Australian Review of Books. And there have been carefully staged verbal skirmishes in venues like Gould's Book Arcade in Sydney, on ABCTV Lateline and at the National Press Club in Canberra." (Ryan 2001, P. 31). Therefore, there has been a significant conflict of ideas and arguments by Henry Reynolds and Keith Windschuttle on the topic of writing the history of the Australian frontier and it is essential to comprehend the main areas of disagreement and agreement between the two. This paper undertakes an exploratory analysis of th e major arguments by Reynolds and Windschuttle in order to identify the major areas of disagreement and agreement between them, the evidence provided by each of them to support his position, and the utility of Ryan’s article to comprehend the realities of this controversy.... h Windschuttle has been their positions on the number of causalities in the Australian frontier and the two proposed significant substantive evidences to argue their positions. According to Reynolds, "It seems reasonable to suggest that Aborigines killed somewhere between 2,000 and 2,500 Europeans in the course of the invasion and settlement of the continent. There were many hundreds of others who were injured and carried both physical and psychological scars for the rest of their lives. Calculating the Aboriginal death toll is much more difficult For the continent as a whole it is reasonable to suppose that at least were killed as a direct result of conflict with the settlers." (Reynolds 1981, P. 99). Therefore, he mainly argues that the casualties can be calculated around 2,000-2,500 Europeans, and it is much more difficult to calculate the Aboriginal death toll. He also ascertains that Tasmania documented the conflict better than anywhere else in the country and Ryan's estimate of 800 is possibly more precise than the other estimations. The secondary effects of the invasion include disease, deprivation, and disruption which were responsible for the premature deaths of many more people and it is not possible to arrive at a realistic figure on the question. Windschuttle confronted the views by Reynolds on the number of deaths in the Australian frontier and his article "The Myths of Frontier Massacres in Australian History," claimed that many massacres of Aborigines in the Australian frontier were fabricated pointing out that the number of casualties in the frontier was far fewer than estimations of Henry Reynolds. He also disagrees with Reynolds' argument that the number of the Aborigines who died defending their territory outnumbers, in both relative and even

Two Step Extraction Of Pyrethrins From Pyrethrum

Two Step Extraction Of Pyrethrins From Pyrethrum The experimental determination of the concentration and yield of pyrethrins from chrysanthemum pyrethrum flower is usually carried out with chromatographic techniques; and accordingly, a lot of methods have been developed over the years [Wang et.al, (1997)]. These include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [Todd et.al, (2003); Essig and Zhao, (2001b)], gas chromatography (GC) [Essig and Zhao, (2001a)] and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) [Wenclawiak and Otterbach, (1999)]. GC was chosen for convenience in this study. The first-step involves using n-hexane as solvent to extract the pyrethrins from the solid sample (grounded and unsieved with particles size of about 30 meshes), and then the second-step, a purification step involves the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent to obtain the pyrethrins from the crude hexane extract (CHE). The hexane extractions (100g sample size), in a water bath at controlled temperatures and vigorous stirring, generated pyrethr ins concentrations varying from 69.85 95.50mg/ml and yields of 0.85 3.76% of the dry weight. Extraction efficiencies under several conditions were investigated and the optimum extraction condition was 400C in 4hrs. Compared with the product from the factory, several undesirable components exist in the CHE. The SFE was carried out with a self built unit (extraction vessel of 120ml) with a sample size of 40ml of CHE. Concentrations of 57.25 93.79mg/ml and yields (after the second extraction) of 0.99 2.15% were obtained; with the optimum condition being 350C at a pressure of 20MPa in 2hrs. Compared with the product from the factory, this sample contains two extra components (Tricosane and Tetracosane) also used in insect control. Key words: Solvent extraction; supercritical carbon dioxide; pyrethrins; two-step extraction; crude pyrethrins extract Introduction Pyrethrum flowers are from the Chrysanthemum genus and are known commercially as painted daisies, painted ladies, buhach, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, ofirmotox, insect powder, Dalmatian insect flowers, or parexan. It is believed to be recorded first in Dalmatia [Visiani, (1842-1852)]. However, others contend that its insecticidal activity was first proven by Antun Drobac (1810-1882) [Bakaric, (2005)]. Yet there are claims that it was first identified as having insecticidal properties around 1800 in Asia [Jeanne, (2009)]; and that the Crushed and powdered plants were used as insecticides by the Chinese as early as 1000 BC [Amrith, (2004)]. The flower contains about 1-2% pyrethrins by dry weight, but approximately 94% of the total yield is concentrated in the seeds [Casida and Quistad, (1995)]. The chemical structure of the active ingredients, pyrethrins I and pyrethrins II was identified in 1924 [Chandler, (1948); Coomber, (1948)]. Kenya is the worlds main producer today with more than 70% of the global supply [Jones, (1973)]. The natural active ingredients are referred to as Pyrethrins; consisting of cinerin I, jasmolin I, pyrethrin I, cinerin II, jasmolin II and pyrethrin II. The first three (chrysanthemic acid esters) are referred to as pyrethrins I (PYI), and the rest (pyrethric acid esters) as pyrethrins II (PYII) [Essig and Zhao, (2001a)]. Pyrethrins, though insoluble in water, are soluble in many organic solvents [WHO, (1975)]. They are non-volatile at ambient temperatures; non-toxic to mammals and other worm-blooded animals; highly unstable in light (photodegradable); biodegradable; but toxic to aquatic animals [Todd et.al, (2003); Chen and Casida, (1969); WHO, (1975)]. Their usage is mainly in biological crop protection; domestic insecticides [Gnadinger, (1936)]; and the formulations of synthetic pyrethroids [Todd et.al, (2003)]. Although pyrethrins are soluble in a number of organic solvents (benzene, hexane, petroleum ether, alcohol, acetone, meth anol, chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc) other considerations (practical, economic and environmental concerns) limit the usage. These considerations reduce the choices to just few. One of the qualities of Hexane in extracting pyrethrins is its ability to effectively dissolve the active ingredients minus contaminants. Another is that its removal from the concrete is achieved at lower temperatures; limiting degradation due to prolonged heating. Again, its low boiling point is a needed quality and it can be recycled, reducing the weight of the concrete. Above all, it is inexpensive, considered environmentally friendly, less toxic, non-corrosive, and non-reactive; traits which make it the dominant solvent adopted, especially for processing plant (biological) materials (products) which are often thermally labile, lipophilic, and non-volatile and are required to be kept and processed at around room temperatures. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a critical temperature of 31oC which makes it particular ly an attractive medium for these kinds of tasks. Though other supercritical fluids (SCFs) show critical temperatures in this critical state and can be adapted as solvents, they are often difficult to handle and obtain in pure state, may be toxic, explosive or ecologically unsafe. Supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) is by far, the most extensively used due to its non-toxic, inert and non-flammable nature. It is also natural, inexpensive, plentiful, non-toxic and inflammable and generally environmentally accepted [Schneider et.al, (1980)]. Its most important properties are enhanced density, viscosity, diffusivity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Higher densities contribute to greater dissolution of compounds while low viscosities enable easy penetration into samples and facilitation of flow of extracted (targeted) molecules from the source materials with fewer hindrances [Dunford et.al, (2003)]. Diffusivity offers easy and faster transport through samples; hence offers bett er extraction strengths; and dissolved ingredients are also easily separated from the supercritical solvent by drop in pressure [Fattori et.al, (1988)]. Sc-CO2, for the above and many reasons used as solvent in extraction saves both time and money while retaining overall extraction precision and accuracy with high purity and healthy products that are of excellent quality [Raventos et.al, (2002); Mohamed and Mansoori, (2002)]. Expectedly, a lot of research is now focused on the extractions of plant materials with supercritical carbon dioxide due primarily to the global growing solvent (organic) regulations and more importantly, the economic benefits (in terms of low operating temperatures; faster extractions and easier purifications, and of course better product quality). Stahl and Schutz [Stahl and Schutz, (1980)] extracted pyrethrins with CO2 and proposed that in the 20 °C to 40  Ã‚ °C temperature range decomposition (usually associated with pyrethrins extraction) does not occu r. Sims patented in the US, an extraction of pyrethrins using liquid carbon dioxide [Sims, (1981)] and Wynn and others patented using Sc-CO2 [Wynn et al. (1995)]. Wenclawiak and coworkers compared extracts obtained with ultrasonic (USE) and Soxhlet extractions (SEX); with hexane and Sc-CO2 extractions (SCE) and reported that direct extraction with SCE gave better pyrethrins content [Wenclawiak et.al, (1995)]. 2. 0. Experimental 2.1. Materials and Chemicals Grounded chrysanthemum (light green with a characteristic smell) sample and two pyrethrum concretes (yellow) were obtained from Yunnan Juxiang Natural Plant Products Company in China. The pyrethrins content of the concretes was claimed to be 50.0% (29.50% PYI and 20.50% PYII) and 85.15% (46.33% PYI and 38.82% PYII). Six individual standard solutions (using standard addition method) were prepared (from the 85.15% PY concrete-higher content, less impurities) for standardization of the analytical method. Analytical grade hexane (97.0%) and Ethanol (99.7%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd in China, and used directly without any pre-treatment. CO2 (99.0 %) gas was supplied by Xin Hongli Gas Company also in China. 2.2. Experiments Three different experiments were performed: To establish the standard/calibration curves for determining the components, To implement hexane extraction and determine the yield of total PY in the grounded sample, and To implement SFE and determine the yield of total PY in the CHE. 2.3. Establishing Standard Curves The GC (Agilent) conditions used for establishing the standard curves are as follows: split injector with 20:1 split ratio at 2500C; Nitrogen as carrier gas at 1.6mL/min  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow rate; injection volume of 0.1  µL; temperature program started at 1800C, kept for 11 minutes, heated at 100C/ min to 2000C, kept for 8 minutes, heated to 210 0C at 100C/min, kept for 18 minutes, then heated to 2450C at 30 0C/min, maintained for 4 minutes; FID detector; HP-5 Column, 30 mm 0.32 mm id., 0.25  µm  ¬Ã‚ lm thickness. This column was chosen because it gives the best resolution, identi ¬Ã‚ cation and quanti ¬Ã‚ cation for products containing OH and C=O [Rosana, (2003)]. 2g (85.15% concrete obtained from the company) of the extract was transferred into a 100mL flask containing 10mL ethanol, and then made up to the final volume of with ethanol and mixed well. Six aliquots (1mL, 2mL, 4mL, 8mL, 16mL and 32mL) of this solution were transferred into a 50mL flask each and diluted with et hanol again to the mark. We then calculated the concentrations of the PY in each aliquot, considering the percentage of each group (PYI and PYII) in the sample provided (Table A1 in the Appendix), injected (with a micro syringe) 0.1 µL of each solution into the GC after filtering (0.45-ÃŽ ¼m membrane filter) and recorded the elution times and corresponding peak areas (Table A2); subsequently, established the standard curves to express the relationship between the areas produced by the GC and the concentrations (Figure 2). 2.4. Hexane Extraction We extracted pyrethrins (from 100g of grounded sample of particle size of about 30mesh) with hexane in a water bath (YUHUA, DF-101S) in batches at different temperatures (35oC, 40 oC, 45 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC and 70 oC) and times (3hrs, 4hrs, 5hrs, 6hrs and 7hrs) in a 1000mL round-bottom flask, installed with a condenser. Agitation was achieved by stirring vigorously with three big size magnetic stirrers at a speed of 20rpm. The hexane was then removed from the pyrethrin concrete with a rotary evapourator (YUHUA, RE-2000B) at a temperature of 35 oC at a speed of 185rpm to obtain concentrated Crude Hexane Extract (CHE). Each concentrated sample was thereafter, filtered (0.45 µm) and 0.1 µL analyzed (Tables A3). This method has the advantage that the solvent is repeatedly recycled and temperature can be controlled. It offers a light coloured product with high recovery rate of pyrethrins; however, not only the desired components are extracted (Figure 3). Other soluble and hydrophobic sub stances (waxes and pigments) are also extracted [Kiriamiti et al, (2003)]. The solvent is removed by vacuum at lower temperature and the waxy thick mass left is the concrete; composed of essential oils and other oil soluble (lipophilic) materials. 3.0. Results and Discussion 3.1. Extract The extracts (CHE) contain pigments, fixed oils and waxes whose colour is deep yellow with characteristic smell. It also contains several undesired components (Figure 3) compared with the pure sample from the factory (Figure 1). 3.2. Effect of Extraction Temperature Temperature has long been reported to be a crucial factor in the extraction of natural pyrethrins [Atkinson et.al, (2004)]. Pyrethrins are sensitive to temperature (thermo labile) and are therefore, unanimously reported to degrade above 40oC [Stahl and Schuzt, (1980); Gourdon and Romdhane, (2002); Wynn et al, (1994)]. We investigated the effect of different extraction temperatures (40oC, 50oC, 60oC and 70oC) in fixed extraction times (5 hr gave better results than 6hr and 7hr). Our results conform to the reports (refer to Figure 4 and Table A3); the best yield (1.42) and PYI: PYII ratio (4.75) is at 40oC (but the best PYII yield-0.33 is at 70oC). This suggests that targeted components are extracted effectively at this temperature (40oC), above which two problems occur (separately or simultaneously): one is the extraction of more undesirable components at the expense of pyrethrins and the other is the decomposition of pyrethrins to form iso-pyrethrins [Stahl and Schuzt, (1980); Stahl, (1998); Gourdon and Romdhane, (2002); Wynn et.al, (1994)] thereby reducing the yield as seen. 3.3. Effect of Stirring We compared the effect of two stirring methods on extraction yield: the first with one magnetic stirrer and the second with three magnetic stirrers. The results are shown in Table A4, confirming that stirring improves extraction yield by facilitating the dissolution of the active ingredients and the effective distribution of heat. The extractions (at 40oC in 5hr) were repeated severally to ensure reproducibility and accuracy. 3.4. Effect of Extraction Time We further investigated the effect of extraction time by fixing the extraction temperature at 40oC with three magnetic stirrers; to establish the optimum extraction time (our initial time parameters were 5hr, 6hr and 7hr in which 5hr was the best). From Figure 5, the extraction yield increases steadily from 3hr to a peak at 4hr (see data in Table A5). Within this range, more desired components are extracted but after 4hr the yield decreases indicating that with prolonged time, even at the safest extraction temperature (40oC), less and less desired components are extracted and/or they decompose resulting in the decrease in yield. The drop in yield is consistent from 4hr (3.76%) to 6hr (2.15%). This implies that the optimum time (within the times investigated) is not 5hr as initially expected but rather 4hr. However, the ratio of PYI: PYII is best in 6hr (5.14). From 3hr to 4hr, the yield for both PYI and PYII appreciated but the increment in PYI (0.74) is greater than that of PYII (0. 38) hence the drop in the ratio. Between 4hr and 5hr, there is decrease in both PYI and PYII yields. Again, the decrease in PYI (0.98) is greater than that of PYII (0.49) accounting for the drop in ratio. The same reason accounts for the drop in ratio from 5hr to 6hr. 3.5. Effect of Concentrating CHE The effect of concentrating the CHE, on both PYI and PYII yield was analyzed (Table A6). Even though the concentrating temperature (35oC) was below the temperature above which PY degrades (40oC), there was loss in PY yield indicating degradation. This in our view may be due to the exposure of the pyrethrins directly to heat. As more hexane is evapourated, pyrethrins which hitherto, were locked in the solid sample matrix; surrounded by hexane and as such shielded from direct heat, is now in direct contact with the heat; and since they are sensitive to heat, decomposition is inevitable. However, the decomposition is small and negligible (about 2.25mg/ml which is about 0.41% of the total yield) due to perhaps the short concentrating time (about 30 min). 4.0. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) The CHE is too thick (viscous) to be used directly, coupled with the presents of undesirable components (waxes and pigments). A further treatment, usually with another solvent that only dissolve the desired compounds from the concrete is necessary. Different from other works, this study carried out SFE on the CHE as a purification step. We looked at the effect of time (hr), temperature (0C) and pressure (MPa) on extraction quality and yield. We have not studied the effect of particle size and pre-treatment; for information on this area, see the works of Kiriamiti and others [Kiriamiti et al, (2002)]. 4.1. Sample We concentrated the CHE in a rotary evapourator (from 500ml to 40ml at 185rpm in 30 minutes) for the SFE. 4.2. Extraction Process At the beginning of the extraction (Figure 6), all the check valves are closed except valve #2. This allows the CO2 gas into the compressor #4 (OLSB by Zheng Zhou Co. LTD, China) to be compressed, and the pressure gauges are allowed to attain equilibrium at a set pressure (10, 15 and 20 MPa). Valve #5 is then opened and the compressed fluid (Sc-CO2) is fed into the bottom of the extraction vessel #7 (120ml capacity) for up flow extraction configuration, containing the CHE (40ml) and metal fillings to facilitate effective contacting (increase internal mass transfer); which had earlier been heated to a set temperature (350C, 370C and 390C) and allowed to attain constant temperature with the help of the water bath #6. An appreciable time is allowed (5-10mins) for the total and complete dissolution of the crude extract and then valve #8 is opened and maintained until the pressure is in equilibrium again. The pressure reducing valve #9 is opened finally to collect the pyrethrins in the fl ask #10. A mass flow meter helps to determine the flow rate (1.5L/min). The extraction process is run and stopped at set times (1hr, 2hr and 3hr) and the extracts analyzed with the results tabulated (Table A8). The Metal fillings after each run were washed (10ml or 5ml of Hexane) and collected as residues to check for complete extraction. 5.0. Results and Discussion 5.1. Extracts The extracts did not contain visible pigments as was seen in the CHE. The colour was also different; light yellow to orange but the smell was similar. It also contained two extra components (Figure 10) which was found (by GC mass spectrometry) to be Tricosane (Peak 6) and Tetracosane (Peak 7). This was as a result of comparison with the pure sample from the factory (Figure 1). We compared the yield of the extracts after solvent extraction, concentrating the CHE and the SFE and noted that there was difference. The yield from the SFE was less due possibly, to the relatively high pressures used. Separation of the Sc-CO2 and the product is achieved by a drop in pressure. These high pressures have the tendency of causing the products to remain in the BPR or along the pipe (between the BPR and the flask in Figure 6) due to clotting as a result of the pressure drop; in spite of our use of heating tapes to minimize this effect. This is confirmed by the value of the yield in the residue (0.05%) which is far less compared to the difference between the concentrated sample yield (3.30%) and that of the SFE (2.15%, see Table A10). 5.2. Effect of Pressure According to Kiriamiti and others, the quantity of pyrethrins extracted decreases with decreasing pressure due to (i) the effect of density on the solubility of pyrethrins, (ii) the slightly high density of CO2, (iii) the moderate variation in density with pressure, and (iv) the very low undesirable extracted products [Kiriamiti et al, (2002)]. Our results conclusively conform to this (Table A7). The best extraction pressure was at 20MPa (at 350C and 2hrs). The concentration of PY also increases within this pressure range (from 81.34mg/ml 93.79mg/ml). Similar phenomenon was observed for both 1hr and 3hrs, indicating that more pyrethrins were extracted than the undesirable components within this pressure range (Figure 7). 5.3. Effect of Extraction Time The quantity of pyrethrins extracted decreases with extraction time at higher temperatures (above 400C), explaining that either pyrethrins decompose at these elevated temperatures or more undesirables are extracted instead. From Table A8, the yield and concentration of PY increase from 1hr to a maximum in 2hr (1.35% 2.15% and 90.42mg/ml 93.79mg/ml at 350C and 20MPa). Both however decrease in 3hr (1.24% and 82.30mg/ml, Figure 8). This implies that pyrethrins were extracted faster than the undesirables from 1 to 2hr but as the extraction proceeds, more undesirables were then extracted at the expense of the pyrethrins or which decompose. Therefore, prolonged extraction time rather favours the extraction of undesirables or promotes decomposition of pyrethrins. 5.4. Effect of Temperature Pyrethrins are thermo labile and therefore require being processed at low temperatures. Therefore, high extraction temperature does not only degrade the pyrethrins but also favours the extraction of undesirables (Figure 9). Within the temperature range we investigated, the best yield was at 350C (Table A9). 6. 0. Conclusions Pyrethrins are usually purified with organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, petroleum ether etc) or their mixtures [Kasaj et.al, (1999); Henry et.al, (1999); Duan et.al, (2006)] which are generally expensive, flammable and explosive and above all, face strict legislative controls [Patrick, (2003)]. Alternatively, carbon dioxide is used to refining and purification. Sims proposed the use of liquid carbon dioxide [Sims, (1981)]. Similar to our method, Kiriamiti and others reported the extraction of pyrethrins from crude hexane extract (CHE) from batch extraction experiment using carbon dioxide [Kiriamiti et.al, (2003)] but with different extracting conditions and analysis method (HPLC). It is worth noting that our set up is very simple and less expensive coupled with the fact that our sample, after the SFE, contains two extra components (Tricosane and Tetracosane) not reported so far as part of the purification step. These components are not hazardous [Directive 67 /548/EEC] and have similar characteristics (may cause respiratory and digestive irritations), uses (as insecticides and biopesticides) and effects (they may not be detrimental to the insects but they certainly disrupt their behaviuor patterns and flushes them out for the more deadly pyrethrins I) as pyrethrins II [Chemcas.org; Chemnet.com; PPDB, (2011); Wylie, (1972); Lewis et.al, (1975)]. We developed a simple but efficient two-step procedure for the extraction of pyrethrins from chrysanthemum (pyrethrum flowers) and investigated the effect of various operating parameters on concentration and extraction yield. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that the two-step extraction of pyrethrins (first with hexane in a water bath and second with SC-CO2 as a purification step) is feasible and effective; the optimum extraction condition for high pyrethrins yield (3.76%) for the n-hexane extraction was 400C in 4hr; that vigorous stirring facilitated this; and that it is possible to achieve extraction yield of 3% or even more envisaged by Casida and Quistad. To our knowledge, this is the first time such a high recovery of pyrethrins is reported. A number of reasons may be attributed to this high recovery: i) extraction procedure, ii) choice of solvent, iii) vigorous stirring and above all, vi) the type of sample used. We further conclude that for the SFE (2.15% and 93.79mg/ml) the optimum conditions were 350C, at pressure of 20MPa in 2hr. 7.0. References Amrith S. Gunasekara, (2004): Environmental Fate of Pyrethrins, Environmental Monitoring Branch, Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812 Atkinson B. L, Blackman A. J, and Faber H, (2004): The degradation of the natural pyrethrins in crop storage, J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 280-28 Bakaric P, (2005): BuhaÄ  prirodni insekticid, Gospodarski list 17: 41-45 Casida J. E and Quistad G. B, (1995): Pyrethrum Flowers: Production, Chemistry, Toxicology, and Uses, Oxford University Press, New York Chandler S. E, (1948): The Origin and Early History of the Production of Pyrethrum in Kenya, Pyrethrum Post 1 (1): 10-13 Chen Y-L, and Casida J. E, (1969): Photodecomposition of Pyrethrin I, Allethrin, Phthalthrin, and Dimethrin, J. Agr. Food Chem. 17: 208-215 Coomber H. E, (1948): The Chemical Evaluation of Pyrethrum Flowers, Pyrethrum Post 1 (1): 16-19 Directive 67/548/EEC: The Dangerous Substances Directive (as amended) is one of the main European Union laws concerning chemical safety. Duan Wei, Zhengguo Li, Guomin Wang, Yingwu Yang, Yingguo Li and Yuxian Xia, (2006): Separation and purification of Natural pyrethrins by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, Chin. J. of Anal. Chem., vol.34, is.12, pp 1776-1779 Dunford N. T, Teel J. A and King J. W, (2003): A Continuous Counter Current Supercritical Fluid Deacidification Process for Phytosterol Ester Fortification in Rice Bran Oil, Food Research International 36, 175-181 Essig K and Zhao Z, (2001b): Method Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Pyrethrum Extract, J Chromatogr Sci 39 (4): 473-480 (8) Essig K and Zhao Z. J, (2001a): Preparation and characterization of a Pyrethrum extract standard. LC/GC 19(7): 722-730 Fattori M, Bulley N. R, and Meisen A, (1988): Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Canola See: Oil Solubility and Effect of Seed Treatment. J. A. O. C. S. 65, 968-974 Gnadinger C. B, (1936): Pyrethrum Flowers. 2nd Ed. McLaughlin, Gormley, King, Minneapolis, Minnesota Gourdon C and Romdhane M, (2002): Investigation in Solid-Liquid Extraction: Influence of Ultrasound, Chemical Engineering Journal 87, 11-19 Jeanne Roberts, (2009)  : Insecticide Treated Mosquito Nets and Malaria Prevention: Weighing the Benefits, Naming the Benefactors at www.celsia.com Jones G. D. G, (1973): Pyrethrum Production, In Pyrethrum; The Natural Insecticide, J. E. Casida (Eds.), Academic Press. New York, NY, 17-21 Kasaj D, A. Rieder, L. Krenn and B. Kopp, (1999): Separation and Quantitative Analysis of Natural Pyrethrins by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chromatographia Vol. 50, No. 9/10 Kiriamiti H. K, Camy S, Gourdon C and Condoret J.S, (2003): Pyrethrin Extraction from Pyrethrum Flower using Carbon Dioxide, J. Supercrit. 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Direct Determination of Pyrethrins in Pyrethrum Extracts by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection. J. of Chrom. 766, 277-281 Wenclawiak B. W and Otterbach A, (1999). Supercritical Fluid Extraction Kinetics of Pyrethrins from Flowers and Allethrin from Paper Strips. J. Anal. Chem. 365 8, 472-474 Wenclawiak B. W, Krappe M and Otterbach A, (1995): In Situ Transesterification of the Natural Pyrethrins, J. of chrom. A, 785, 263-267 World Health Organization, (1975): Data Sheet on Pesticides No. 11, Pyrethrins (www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest11_e.htm) Wynn H. T. P, Cheng-Chin C, Tien-Tsu S, Fong L, and Ming-Ren S. F, (1995): Preparative Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pyrethrins I and II from Pyrethrum Flower; Talanta 42, 1745-1749

Global Warming and Human Population Essay

Forest loss is directly-associated with human population growth. In 1921 human population was 25. 13 crores and forests cover was 104. 05 million hectares. By 1989, forests cover reduced to 64. 01 m ha, while human population in 1991 reached to 84. 39 crores. Deforestation is due to diversion of forest land to agricultural land, river valley projects, roads, industiy and urbanization, transmission lines and activities like shifting cultivation, fuelwood and timber collection overgrazing fires and acid rains (vide Rana, 2006). Green wealth index (GWI) is an indicator of green wealth possessed by a State or Union Territory and Green Protection index (GP1) is a qualitative calculation of protection accorded examining forests cover, recorded forest area and protected area coverage. Andaman and Nicobar Islands are richest in their green wealth with GWI at 0. 747, while Sikkim for protecting its natural heritage ranks highest on GPI scale with 0. 903. All India GWI is a dismal 0. 193 (Ghosh, 2004). A total of 0. 397 m ha forests loss in Madhya Pradesh is recorded with tribal areas accounted for about 0. 219 m ha. And in Andhra Pradesh forest loss was about 0. 46 m ha in tribal areas. This trend continues in Northeast including Assam (State of the Forest report, 1999). Various ethnic groups practice various forms of agriculture as main stay of economy in NE region. Rice is major crop though maize and millets are grown. Traditional agricultural systems are Zabo, terrace construction and jhum or shifting cultivation. Zabo, an indigenous farming system of Nagaland combines agro-forestry and animal husbandry and is common to individually owned lands of about 2. 5 ha. For terrace construction, the area is cleaned by cutting and burning forest vegetation. Jhum cultivation is practiced roughly by 5 lakhs tribal families. A total land area of 4. 36 m ha is being affected by jhum cultivation, out of which 2. 7 m ha is in NE region. Jhum cycle has reduced to 4-5 years in Meghalaya, 5-10 years in Mizoram and Tripura, 6-15 years in Nagaland and Manipur and 5-10 years in Arunachal Pradesh. Such cultivation results in soil erosion and loss of soil fertility. In areas, where bamboos are cut and burnt, K- rich ash accumulates for jhum crop. This fallow land invites several weeds and it takes a very long time for soil, to support crop plant growth. Modern agriculture with longer cycles of 10 or more years and agro-forestry system are suggested for control of jhum (Sharma. 2004). Problems relating to use and conservation of natural resources in developing countries are qualitatively different than those of developed countries. In developed countries, the primary issue is protection of what remains in nature, but in India conservation of natural resources must necessarily consider the claims of human population on these resources for their sustenance and livelihood. Such population is dependent on forests and is among the poorest, as forests form life support systems for them. Any legal and administrative regime must aim to judiciously utilize these resources for addressing the concerns of livelihood while ensuring sustainability of their use (Hazra, 2002). Essay on Global Warming: Causes, Effects and Remedies Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our planet. It is, in fact, the increase in the temperature of the earth’s neon- surface air. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has far-reaching impact on biodiversity and climatic conditions of the planet. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. In short, global warming represents a fundamental threat to all living things on earth. Global average temperature rose significantly during the past century. The prevailing scientific view is that most of the temperature increases since mid-20th century has been caused by increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations produced by human activity. Most scientists agree that planet’s temperature has risen 0. degree Celsius since 1900 and will continue to increase at an increasing rate. As a result, the world is getting warmer. The year 1990 was the hottest year in the last century. Together with 1991, the years of 1983, 1987, 1988 and 1989 have been measured to be the warmest six years in the last hundred years. The year 1991 was the second warmest year of the past century. The consequences of the rise in temperature is being felt all over the globe the findings of scientific research done in this field reveal that the temperature of the earth is likely to rise from 1. 4 °C to 5.  °C within a period of 100 years. Unfortunately, the imbalance which we have created between our life and earth is already showing the signs disasters in the form of flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc. If the imbalance continues to rise, one day this will pose a question mark on the existence of this planet. Carbon dioxide (C02) which is an important constituent of environment is causing a warming effect on the earth’s surface. It increases the evaporation of water into the atmosphere. Since water vapour itself is a greenhouse gas, this causes still more warming. The warming causes more water vapour to be evaporated. The C02 level is expected to rise in future due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and landuse change. The rate of rise will depend largely on uncertain economic, sociological, technological and natural developments. Other gases such as methane, CFCs, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone are also responsible for global warming. Increases in all these gases are due to explosive population growth, increased industrial expansion, technological advancement, deforestation and growing urbanization, etc. Trees play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. They are the largest land-based mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the air. Deforestation is checking these positive processes. It is the second principle cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is responsible for 25 per cent of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of 34 million acres of trees each year. Everyday over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed. As a consequence of massive loss of forests, global CO, levels rise approximately 0. 4 per cent each year, the levels not experienced on this planet for millions of years. As we know the forests are the great absorbers of CO. There is a close relation between global warming and population growth. Today the large population on earth is using the technologies which are destructive for the earth. Approximately, 80 per cent of atmospheric C02 increases are due to man’s use of fossil fuels either in the form of coal, gas or oil. A large portion of carbon emission is attributed to the burning of gasoline in internal-combustion engine of vehicles. Vehicles with poor gas mileage contribute the most to global warming. Besides, the sulphur group gas is the most harmful for this. Its contribution is 30 per cent in global warming. This gas is also emitted from the burning of fossil fuels. Increase in global temperatures will cause rise in sea level. It will lead to melting of glaciers, changes in rainfall patterns, increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather. As per the latest survey report the rate of melting of glaciers has seen sharp increase in recent times. Even those glaciers are affected from global warming which have been considered permanent. The shrinking of glaciers is going to pose a major problem of drinking water. The sea levels as a result of melting of glaciers have risen from 0. 35 mm to 0. 4 mm. Scientists have warned in their reports that most of the glaciers will disappear within a period of 15 to 25 years. It will create problems of drinking water and food grains in most of the North American countries. India is not unaffected from it. The Himalayan glaciers have shrunk about 30 per cent after 1970. The rise in sea levels is a major cause of concern. A large number of cities located in coastal areas will submerge in the sea. Besides, many island countries will ultimately â€Å"lose their existence and will be washed away from the surface of the earth. The damage of rising sea levels is diverse. Buildings and roads close to the water could be flooded and they could suffer damage from hurricanes and tropical storms. Experts believe that global warming could increase the intensity of hurricanes by over 50 per cent. In addition, as the sea rises, beach erosion takes place, particularly on steep banks. Wetlands are lost as the level rises. Rise in atmospheric temperature will lead to the outbreak of airborne and water-borne diseases. It would also contribute to the rise in death caused by heat. The problem of drought would be frequent. Consequently, malnutrition and starvation will pose serious challenge before humanity. Global warming is a great threat to the flora and fauna of the earth. A large number of species of them may become extinct. The expanse of desert would increase. Low rainfall and rising temperature could add to the intensity and frequency of dusty storm. This in turn will immensely affect the quality of agricultural land, ultimately causing adverse effect on agricultural produce. It would have far-reaching socio-economic impact. In Indian context, the impact of global warming is a matter of grave concern. As is well known, India is mainly an agricultural country and agriculture here is gamble of the monsoon, e. . largely depending on rainfall. Though it is to affect the whole country, the worst likely impact would be on central and northern India which is high-yielding parts of the country. These are the regions which produce the largest agricultural yield. The rise in atmospheric temperature and fall in rain would naturally result in decline in crop production. Moreover, it would have great effect on biodiversity as well. The growing concerns over global temperatures have led to the nations, states, corporations and individuals to draw out a plan of action to avert the situation. As a result the world’s primary international agreement on combating global warming was reached in Kyoto in 1997 which came to be known as Kyoto Protocol. However, ten years have passed; the situation does not appear to be very changed. It seems that the member countries are not very serious about its devastating effects. In addition, forestation can be of great help in this regard. Planting more trees and reducing timber cuts worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Secondly, we must follow on environmental policy of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’, i. e. promoting the reuse of anything. Thirdly, the use of fuel-efficient vehicles should be promoted as these vehicles have lower emissions of harmful gases. Fourthly, every individual should be aware of the importance of the protecting environment. Besides, eco- friendly technologies must be promoted, and must be substituted with the technologies which cause great emission of global warming gases. Public awareness campaign can be of great help in this regard because unless each and every individual is aware only governments’ effect cannot bring desired difference. Words Essay on Corruption in India (free to read) Corruption is not a new phenomenon in India. It has been prevalent in society since ancient times. History reveals that it was present even in the Mauryan period. Great scholar Kautilya mentions the pressure of forty types of corruption in his contemporary society. It was practised even in Mughal and Sultanate period. When the East India Company took control of the country, corruption reached new height. Corruption in India has become so common that people now are averse to thinking of public life with it. Corruption has been defined variously by scholars. But the simple meaning of it is that corruption implies perversion of morality, integrity, character or duty out of mercenary motives, i. e. bribery, without any regard to honour, right and justice. In other words, undue favour for any one for some monetary or other gains is corruption. Simultaneously, depriving the genuinely deserving from their right or privilege is also a corrupt practice. Shrinking from one’s duty or dereliction of duty are also forms of corruption. Besides, thefts, wastage of public property constitute varieties of corruption. Dishonesty, exploitation, malpractices, scams and scandals re various manifestations of corruption. Corruption is not a uniquely Indian phenomenon. It is witnessed all over the world in developing as well as developed countries. It has spread its tentacles in every sphere of life, namely business administration, politics, officialdom, and services. In fact, there is hardly any sector which can be characterised for not being infected with the vices of corruption. Corruption is rampant in every segment and every section of society, barring the social status attached to it. Nobody can be considered free from corruption from a high ranking officer. To root out the evil of corruption from society, we need to make a comprehensive code of conduct for politicians, legislatures, bureaucrats, and such code should be strictly enforced. Judiciary should be given more independence and initiatives on issues related to corruption. Special courts should be set-up to take up such issues and speedy trial is to be promoted. Law and order machinery should be allowed to work without political interference. NGOs and media should come forward to create awareness against corruption in society and educate people to combat this evil. Only then we would be able to save our system from being collapsed.